Comentamos un pasaje del último capítulo del libro de E. O. Wilson Consilience: The Unity of Knowledgte,
relativo a la sostenibilidad de las economías humanas, especialmente
las globalizadas. El autor prevé un colapso medioambiental que
difícilmente se podrá evitar, con las dinámicas adquiridas por la
economía y la población en expansión continua, y que llevará a grandes
catástrofes tanto humanas como medioambientales a menos que se
reconozcan y establezcan objetivos comunes para la acción humana global.
Expresamos nuestro pesimismo y escepticismo sobre la existencia
siquiera y la posibilidad de objetivos y prioridades comunes en la
humanidad, a nivel local y global.
Retropost, 16 de abril de 2013. Texto completo en SSRN:
English Abstract: This is a commentary of a passage from the last chapter of E. O. Wilson's book Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge,
regarding the sustainability of human economic systems, and more
specifically the global economy. Wilson foresees the difficulty of
avoiding an environmental collapse, taking into account the acquired
dynamics of a growing population and economy, and the possibility of
great catastrophes at both a human and environmental level, unless
global aims for human action are recognized and established. Here we
voice our pessimism and skepticism regarding the mere existence and
possibility of common aims and priorities in mankind, either at a local
or global level.
Note: Downloadable document is in Spanish
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Vuelvo al memorable libro Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge,
de E. O. Wilson, para llamar la atención sobre un pasaje del último
capítulo, relativo a la sostenibilidad de las economías humanas,
especialmente las globalizadas. El autor prevé un colapso medioambiental
que difícilmente se podrá evitar, con las dinámicas adquiridas por la
economía y la población en expansión continua, y que llevará a grandes
catástrofes tanto humanas como medioambientales. Es una historia desagradable, la que prevé Wilson para el próximo siglo, pero haríamos bien en verla venir. Un pasaje importante:
To
summarize the future of resources and climate, the wall toward which
humanity is evidently rushing is a shortage not of minerals and energy,
but of food and water. The time of arrival at the wall is being
shortened by a physical climate growing less congenial. Humankind is
like a household living giddily off vanishing capital. Exemptionalists
are risking a lot when they advise us, in effect, that "Life is good and
getting better, because look around you, we are still expanding and
spending faster. Don't worry about next year. We're such a smart bunch
something will turn up. It always has."
They, and most of the
rest of us, have yet to learn the arithmetical riddle of the lily pond. A
lily pad is placed in a pond. Each day thereafter the pad and then all
of its descendants double. On the thirtieth day the pond is covered
completely by lily pads, which can grow no more. On which day was the
pond half full and half empty? The twenty-ninth day.
Shall
we gamble? Suppose the odds are even that humankind will miss the
environmental wall. Better, make it two to one: pass on through or
collide. To bet on safe passage is a terrible choice, because the stakes
on the table are just about everything. You save some time and energy
now by making that choice and not taking action, but if you lose the bet
down the line, the cost will be ruinous. In ecology, as in medicine, a
false positive diagnosis is an inconvenience, but a false negative
diagnosis can be catastrophic. That is why ecologists and doctors don't
like to gamble at all, and if they must, it is always on the side of
caution. It is a mistake to dismiss a worried ecologist or a worried
doctor as an alarmist.
At best, an environmental bottleneck is
coming in the twenty-first century. It will cause the unfolding of a
new kind of history driven by environmental change. Or perhaps an
unfolding on a global scale of more of the old kind of history, which
saw the collapse of regional civilizations,
going back to the earliest in history, in northern Mesopotamia, and
subsequently Egypt, then the Mayan and many others scattered across all
the inhabited continents except Australia. People died in large numbers,
often horribly. Sometimes they were able to emigrate and displace other
people, making them die horribly instead.
Archaeologists and
historians strive to find the reasons for the collapse of civilizations.
They tick off drought, soil exhaustion, overpopulation, and
warfare—singly or in some permutation. Their analysis are persuasive.
Ecologists add another perspective, with this explanation. The
populations reached the local carrying capacity, where further growth
could no longer be sustained with the technology available. At that
point life was often good, especially for the ruling classes, but
fragile. A change such as a drought or depletion of the aquifer or a
ravaging war then lowered the carrying capacity. The death rate soared
and the birth rate fell (from malnutrition and disease) until lower and
more sustainable population levels were reached.
The principle of
carrying capacity, is illustrated by the recent history of Rwanda, a
small and beautiful mountainous land that once rivaled Uganda as the
pearl of Central Africa. Until the present century Rwanda supported only
a modest population density. For five hundred years a Tutsi dynasty
ruled over a Hutu majority. In 1959 the Hutu revolted, causing many of
the Tutsi to flee to neighbouring countries. In 1994 the conflict
escalated, and Rwandan army units massacred over half a million Tutsi
and moderate Hutu. Then an army of the Tutsi, the Rwandan Patriotic
Front, struck back, capturing the capital town of Kigali. As the Tutsi
advanced, spreading out into Zaire, Tanzania, and Burundi. In 1997
Zaire, newly renamed the Republic of the Congo, forced many of the Hutu
refugees back to Rwanda. In the maelstrom, thousands died of starvation
and disease.
On the surface it would seem, and was so reported by
the media, that the Rwandan catastrophe was ethnic rivalry run amok.
That is true only in part. There was a deeper cause, rooted in
environment, and demography. Between 1950 and 1994 the population of
Rwanda, favored by better health care and temporarily improved food
supply, more than tripled, from 2.5 million to 8.5 million. In 1992, the
country had the highest growth rate in the world, an average of 8
children for every woman. Parturition began early, and generation times
were short. But although total food production increased dramatically
during this period, it was soon overbalanced by population growth. The
average farm size dwindled, as plots were divided from one generation to
the next. Per capita grain production fell by half from 1960 to the
early 1990s. Water was so overdrawn that hydrologists declared Rwanda
one of the world's twenty-seven-water-scarce countries. The teenage
soldiers of the Hutu and Tutsi then set out to solve the population
problem in the most direct possible way.
Rwanda is a microcosm
of the world. War and civil strife have many causes, most nor related
directly to environmental stress. but in general, overpopulation and the
consequent dwindling of available resources are tinder that people pile
up around themselves. The mounting anxiety and hardship are translated
into enmity, and enmity into moral aggression. Scapegoats are
identified, sometimes other political or ethnic groups, sometimes
neighboring tribes. The tinder continues to grow, awaiting the odd
assassination, territorial incursion, atrocity, or other provocative
incident to set it off. Rwanda is the most overpopulated country in
Africa. Burundi, its war-torn neighbor, is second. Haiti and El
Salvador, two of the chronically most troubled nations of the Western
hemisphere, are also among the most densely populated, exceeded only by
five tiny island countries of the Caribbean. They are also arguably the
most environmentally degraded.
Population growth can
justly be called the monster on the land. To the extent that it can be
tamed, passage through the bottleneck will be easier. Let us suppose
that the last of the old reproductive taboos fade, and family planning
becomes universal. Suppose further that governments create population
policies with the same earnestness they devote to economic and military
policies. And that a result the global population peaks below ten
billion and starts to decline. With NPG (negative production growth)
attained, there are grounds for hope. If not attained, humanity's best
efforts will fail, and the bottleneck will close to form a solid wall.
Humanity's
best efforts will include every technological fix for an overcrowded
planet that genius can devise. Endless stand-by schemes are already on
the board. Conversion of nitrogenased petroleum to food is one remote
possibility. Algal farms in shallow seas is another. The water crisis
might be eased by desalinization of seawater with energy from controlled
fusion or fuel cell technology. Perhaps as polar ice shelves break up
from global warming, more fresh water can be drawn from icebergs herded
to dry coasts. With a surplus of energy and fresh water, the
agricultural revegetation of arid wasteland is attainable. Pulp
production can be increased in such recovered lands with "wood grass",
fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing tree species that can be harvested with
giant mowers and then sprout new shoots from the severed stocks. Many
such schemes will be tried as demand rises, and a few will succeed. They
will be driven by venture capital and government subsidy in the global
free-market economy. Each advance will reduce the risk of short-term
economic calamity.
But be careful! Each advance is also a
prosthesis, an artificial device dependent on advanced expertise and
intense continuing management. Substituted for part of Earth's natural
environment, it adds its own, long-term risk. Human history can be
viewed through the lens of ecology as the accumulation of environmental
prostheses. As these manmade procedures thicken and interlock, they
enlarge the carrying capacity of the planet. Human beings, being typical organisms in reproductive response, expand to fill the added capacity.
The spiral continues. The environment, increasingly rigged and strutted
to meet the new demands, turns ever more delicate. It requires constant
attention from increasingly sophisticated technology.
The
Ratchet of Progress seems irreversible. The message then for the
primitivists, who dream of nature's balance in Paleolithic serenity: Too late. Put
away your bow and arrow, forget the harvest of eils berries; the
wilderness has become a threatened nature reserve. The message for the
environmentalist and exemptionalists: Get together. We must plunge ahead and make the best of it, worried but confident of success, our hope well expressed but Hotspur's lines in Henry IV: I tell you, my lord fool, out of this nettle, danger, we pluck this flower, safety. (Consilience, 1998: 286-89)
En
caso de que la cita parezca invitar al optimismo, recordemos que
Hotspur se arriesga en la batalla y muere en ella. Podemos añadir una
apostilla a lo que Wilson formula como el objetivo común que debe animar
a la humanidad:
The common aim must be to expand resources and
improve the quality of life for as many people as heedless population
growth forces upon Earth, and do it with minimal prosthetic dependence.
That, in essence, is the ethic of sustainable development. (289)
Sí, pero no. Quiero decir que es un objetivo compartible por todos, pero que no es ése un objetivo que defina un desarrollo sostenible. En absoluto.
A ver, un paréntesis a la apostilla. Sostenible, sostenible, no hay nada. El Universo no es sostenible, aunque por el momento se sostenga. De lo que estamos hablando es de humanamente sostenible por un periodo de tiempo lo más largo posible, un
difícil (imposible) cálculo que conjugue lo que consideramos una
existencia humanamente digna en un entorno de recursos limitados. El
crecimiento ilimitado no es una opción (como nos deja claro la
conferencia de Bartlett arriba enlazada). Hay que apuntar al crecimiento
cero, o a una alternancia viable, no traumática, de crecimiento y
decrecimiento. Los niveles actuales de población son de por sí
insostenibles con las perspectivas energéticas actuales, pues el
agotamiento de los combustibles fósiles está asegurado, y con ello el
colapso del orden económico hoy vigente. Por ello son insensatos los
demógrafos que pretenden tranquilizarnos con la predicción de una
estabilización de la población mundial alrededor de los diez mil
millones. La actual población ya ha acabado con los bosques del mundo y
creado un colapso ecológico sin precedentes—como para pensar en mantener
ese ritmo, e incrementado, unos centenares de años. Y si la
superpoblación estable es absolutamente insostenible, piénsese cuánto
menos menos sostenible, y cuánto más catastrófico, será el crecimiento
continuado.
Wilson pasa a continuación a poner sus esperanzas en
protocolos internacionales tales como las cumbres medioambientales de
Río de Janeiro, Kyoto, etc. Que hemos visto vienen incumpliéndose,
empeorando por tanto los pronósticos. Pero es que su misma definición de
sostenibilidad no es coherente, como iba diciendo.
La parte
incoherente de su definición es que podamos siquiera plantearnos la
noción de convertir en sostenible toda la población que "el crecimiento
poblacional insensato" le eche encima a la Tierra. De acuerdo que hay
que hacerlo con las prótesis mínimas, pero Wilson mismo nos dice que las
prótesis vienen solas, una vez la población añade su presión. La
demanda acaba con los criterios y con las prioridades: cuando hay gente
que quiere comer, matarán al último elefante, y cuando haya un beneficio
que sacar, cortarán el último árbol, como en la película Rapa Nui, otro microcosmos de un colapso ecológico, esta vez en la Isla de Pascua. Hay que verla. Sólo observar que ahora, a nivel planetario, no podemos huir a Pitcairn.
No,
hay que definir de otra manera el desarrollo sostenible. Lo que sobra
realmente en la definición de Wilson es la noción de un objetivo común. No existe, ni va a existir nunca, el objetivo común de un desarrollo sostenible. Los
objetivos humanos son a corto plazo, y el objetivo del desarrollo
sostenible va a ser siempre un objetivo en conflicto con otros, más
destructivos, pero más beneficiosos a corto plazo o localmente para
quienes se adhieran a ellos. La lucha por la sostenibilidad siempre será
eso, una lucha, nunca un acuerdo. Y la inmensa mayoría de los intereses
y objetivos humanos, egoístas, serán a corto plazo, insostenibles por
definición.
Sin contar con que hay elementos en la ecuación que
nada tienen que ver con objetivos. El crecimiento incontrolado de la
población no es un objetivo de nadie, y sin embargo es un resultado. El
resultado de muchas decisiones individuales, o de actos que no apuntan a
él, y que sin embargo resultan en ese crecimiento. Mejorar la calidad
de vida para la población existente es, desdichadamente, una de esas
acciones (bien intencionadas, benevolentes y buenas a corto plazo) que
no hacen sino seguir contruyendo cimientos más firmes para más
crecimiento, y para una crisis más tremenda en el futuro.
Y otra
cosa a no perder de vista—esta crisis va por partes. La notan unos antes
que otros. Nuestra crisis europea es una dulce crisis comparada con lo
que cuenta como vitalidad económica en Africa. Por tanto, si los
resultados de "expandir los recursos y mejorar la calidad de vida" de
los africanos son incalculables (el mero resultado de los intentos en
ese sentido es incalculable, de hecho)—¿cuánto más incalculables serán
los resultados de las acciones que emprendamos los privilegiados del primer mundo para intentar expandir nuestros recursos y mejorar nuestra calidad de vida?
—oOo—
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