Termino de colgar mis últimos escritos, de hace ya diez años, en Knowledge Commons. Estamos ya en una especie de vida póstuma y virtualizada.
"The (In)Definition of Reality: Reframing and
Contested Topsight." Knowledge Commons Works 19 April 2026.*
https://works.hcommons.org/records/704dt-08367
Por si acaso, y for what it's worth, voy a poner también aquí el texto completo.
______
The (In)definition of Reality:
Reframing and Contested Topsight
José
Angel GARCÍA LANDA
Universidad
de Zaragoza
I shall put forward here a definition of reality, or perhaps a
particular take or perspective on reality. Reality
is what happens between the lines.
But perhaps reality as such cannot be represented, or defined. It
has to be defined with respect to a specific activity, and it has to be
represented from a given perspective, a selective one. In this attempt at a
definition I am proposing a perspective by the very fact of emphasizing what
happens between the lines—instead of emphasizing, for instance, the lines
themselves. The lines might stand for "what is" obviously there,
reality as presupposed or unproblematic, reality as something shared by its
inhabitants. But an interactional perspective on reality must go beyond that
portion of reality which is shared (or "true") for all interactants,
in order to give a fuller portrait of those aspects of reality which are not
shared, which may be false or nonexistent to some of the participants, or which
may be perceived only by some of them.
Still, perhaps we do need a definition of reality which is more
comprehensive, more balanced and less paradoxical. I will therefore modify my
original statement, and further specify that reality is the play, the dynamic
interaction, or the dialectic, between what happens for the public record, and
what happens between the lines. Or again, reality is constituted by the
interactional play between shared frames of action (those "lines"
which are unproblematically on the page) and other frames which, though they
may be active for some of the participants, are not generally shared. Reality
is a play of realities—the explicit one, and other secret, discreet or
alternative realities which coexist in a given situation.
Reality, then, lends itself to a definition (although perhaps the
definition is not actually written on any labels or captions). It is defined by
presuppositions, by habits, by socially regulated modes of interaction, by
institutions, routines, scripts, and frames of interactional communication.
These frames, schemas, and presuppositions have been studied by theorists of
cognition, of pragmatics, of interpersonal communication, such as Bateson,
Schank and Abelson, Sperber and Wilson, etc. It is perhaps Erving Goffman's
frame analysis that provides the most comprehensive and most suggestive version
of the structure of reality—including the structure of multiple interacting
realities.
Goffman provides a powerful model for the analysis of
interactional reality: dramatism. Human interaction is organized in principle
by shared templates which define and narrativize the situation and provide
roles for the participants. It is through these shared templates or frames that
we are able to shape reality as to what is at stake, what is happening, in a
given moment or situation. What happens (officially) at any moment is, for
instance, a meeting at the workplace, a concert, a party, a friendly conversation
over a beer: any of these archetypal scripts which orchestrate social reality
inasmuch as it is living theatre—theatre
played by social actors in real-life dramatic companies, and in a social space
which has a theatrical structure. This is the perspective on social life
provided by Goffman in The Presentation
of Self in Everyday Life, in Interaction
Ritual, or in Strategic Interaction.
What takes place between the lines is what Goffman calls a
secondary channel—it is an alternative strip of activity which could also be
described as a superimposed narrative line—a subplot which does not involve all
of the participants in the main frame of activity or primary channel, but only
some of them—or perhaps just one, the observer of that hidden dimension of
reality which is taking place between the lines, the one who sees what the
other participants cannot see—those aspects of reality that escape them and
are, in a sense, both there and not there.
It is within this structural set of perspectival relationships
that we can describe the concept of topsight.
Topsight is the privileged perspectival position enjoyed by those
participants who see what others don't see, the position of those observers who
are aware of the secondary as well as the primary channel of interactional
activity. Topsight need not be an absolute position, since there may be a
number of secondary channels or sub-frames imposed on the main frame of
activity, and there is no telling that one of them has absolute dominance over
the others. Topsight, then, is relative to other interactant's lack of
awareness of a given secondary frame, within a comprehensive frame of
activity.
To take a simple example, the main frame may be provided by a
meeting at work. The participants are all aware of each other's presence.
However, their roles are, as far as the meeting is concerned, those of
spectators or listeners, given that just now the boss is doing a presentation.
It may well happen that two participants at the meeting may begin to interact,
whispering about their plans for the evening, while the boss preaches on and
all the others dutifully listen. Now these two employees have assumed a
different role in the social theatre—they are not merely there in their
official capacity; they have assumed a temporary role as private individuals.
Just now we'll not investigate any further whether they are lifting their
official mask for a moment, or merely donning an additional mask. However that
may be, reality multiplies itself and acquires another level of articulation
through this secret interactional move, a move which is defined as secondary by
its very location within the wider frame within which it is embedded.
But if this secret or discreet piece of interaction is perceived
and spied upon by a third party—by another employee who feigns she is not
listening, or, why not, by the reader of my example—then the structure of
reality is no longer doubled, but tripled, or multiplied, in a game of
interactional perspectives. Much of the structure of a narrative account of
this meeting, or indeed of any interactional encounter, would consist in a
description of the perspectival relationships among the agents as they are established
and new dimensions of reality appear, or in the gradual and artistic unfolding
of existing perspectival relationships which reveals the existing interactional
and cognitive situation to a reader or a virtual observer.
Let us examine another example of the observational frame in an
analysis of narrative structures. Take this poem from Stephen Crane's The Black Riders (IX), a micro-narrative in its own right:
I STOOD UPON A HIGH PLACE,
AND SAW, BELOW, MANY DEVILS
RUNNING, LEAPING,
AND CAROUSING IN SIN.
ONE LOOKED UP, GRINNING,
AND SAID, "COMRADE!
BROTHER!"
Here the narrator is standing "upon a high place", which
we might take as symbolizing his perspectival and discursive topsight in the
textual structure, above the other characters. The devils are involved in their
own interactional frame ("running, leaping, and carousing in sin"),
and in the first sentence of the micro-narrative they are unaware that they are
being observed. The narrator, the "I", commands two strips of
activity: he is aware, like the devils, of the more widely shared frame, the
devils' carousal. He is also aware of another strip of activity, namely his own
awareness of the situation—the fact that the party is being watched from above
by a non-participant, and the devils' ignorance of this. The second frame is
more limited as regards participation; in principle the "I" is the
only one taking part in it. The devils' party has become for him an objectified
event, a spectacle which, however disgusting, can be safely enjoyed by a
spectator who contemplates it from the outside; this interactional strip is
self-enclosed as far as the devils are concerned, and the frame is like a
theatrical fourth wall which prevents the devils from taking part in the
focalizer's observational frame. Note
that the frame is for the devils the very limit of reality—in a certain sense
is not even a frame because for them there
is nothing outside the frame.
Of course, the perspectival structure posited by the first
sentence is undone or deconstructed in the second sentence, which provides a
narrative resolution through frame-breaking.
Although frames are constantly being broken, any frame-breaking has a
somewhat paradoxical air about it (Genette's métalepses come to mind), and indeed two different realities, or
two different dimensions of reality are meeting through these frame-breakings,
and a new reality has to emerge dialectically. In our example, the upright and
dignified verticality of the "I" is threatened by the piercing gaze
of the devil, which, ascending upwards from below, and breaking through the
perspectival containers, seems to threaten the very purity of heaven, and to
sully with its foulness the very soul of the reader—because it was the reader, gazing
down on the words and letters of the poem, those black devils involved in their
own game—(cf. The Black Riders, XLVI)—it
was the reader who was "I," towering over the page, looking down, vicariously, over the
narrator's shoulder. The reader, too, thought he was safe in his own
extratextual frame, but he is safe no more, because the text can gaze back at
him and the devil recognizes him for his brother.
Even a sister can feel a jolt at the
invasion of her private frame, and at her being demoted from her privileged
topsight.
Reality is suddenly reorganized, reworked—because human reality is
an interactional reality, managed through frames and their operations, through
their being established and operated, through their recyclings and
displacements, and through their rearrangements, dissolutions and sudden
merges.
Stephen Crane's text might be further analysed along these lines.
But our concern is now with the notion of frame itself, and its role in the
managing of reality through attention.
Note that in this example, we have called the devils' party the main
frame, on the criterion that it is the more generally shared one. There is a
potential ambiguity here, however, because the narrator's observational frame
is more potent in another sense—precisely because it is not generally shared,
because it is hidden, it makes for dominance, and is the "outer"
frame in its own perspectival structure, the comprehensive observational
situation which includes an enclosed object of observation. Still, the observer's frame, while it
provides the outermost frame, could not exist without an object which is framed
by it; in this sense it is subordinate to the devils' pandemonic party, i.e. to
the most widely shared interactional frame, or primary channel. It is advisable to keep in mind this
perspectival ambivalence. The perspectives of the many provide the general
interactional game on which the dominant perspectives of the few are built as a
second story. But this secondary or embedded story encompasses within its
perspectival structure, quite paradoxically, the general frame as a field
dominated by the observers' topsight, by a viewpoint which itself escapes
observation, or tries to.
In our account, the subject who perceives most of these
interactional frames and perspectival relationships is that silent woman, the observer
of the employees' small talk at the meeting; or the implied author of The Black Riders, designing a narrative
structure in which narrative topsight is paradoxically questioned. It is such
cognitive (or narrative) subjects that provide our model for cognitive topsight,
those who perceive most dimensions of reality— the "I"s who (in our
account) observe the interactional landscape from a high place, the watchtower
of topsight, or of hindsight, as the case may be. This "I" who stands
highest, or who comes last of all, is the
observer who observes
those-who-believe-that-they-are-observing-without-being-observed. It is a
quasi-divine perspectival topsight; a misleading one, therefore, and one which
is analyzed by Lacan in his famous seminar on Edgar Allan Poe's story "The
Purloined Letter". (This structure invites recursion, and I have pursued
this line of analysis further in my paper "Acritical Criticism, Critical
Criticism"). We have seen that Crane's poem, too, may be read as a
miniature model of this deconstructive move.
Yet another example. We converse with someone; we listen and watch
her face and body movements. What she says is one thing—a function of the officially
established activity, whether work or leisure. On-record discourse is the main
frame or primary channel—it is what is said. But what is shown may be something else. We watch a multimedia
performance—involving proxemics, intonation, gestures, kinesics, paralanguage,
style, eye contact, interactional rhythmn. The body and its theatricality, the
secondary channel, is often more worth attending to; it tells the truth which
is half-concealed by the words. Or, if the encounter resists interpretation, at
least it is there that we try to disclose the elusive reality of the matter;
not in the scripted words, but in the full theatrical spectacle, and especially
in the gestures, or sub-gestures. Topsight is here an object of desire, a
virtual position defining cognitive control, but one which must be imagined
rather than fully inhabited.
Perhaps we should provide a new definition of the reality effect, to use Barthes' phrase, or a different approach
to that effect. As I see it, the reality effect is not so much where Barthes
located it in that famous article (in irrelevant or non-significant
details—although it is there too, to some extent); it is to be found, first and
foremost, in that play of perspectives where two different realities clash or
come to terms with each other; two (or more) realities defined by different
interactional frames. The anomic interface between these realities is the
battleground or the sports field where reality is managed and organized. To be
sure, it is being interactionally managed all the time, but it is in the
meeting of games of in the space between them (is it baseball or football that
we are playing here?) that roles must be reworked and rules must be improvised,
at the very least to the extent of preventing general embarrassment. It is in
such dramaturgically uncertain situations, and they happen all the time, that
reality falls apart. And while it is being managed and restructured it reveals
itself for what it is, a set of interactionally organized reality games which
sustain the edifice of appearances. Reality at its rawest also reveals itself
as an indeterminate no man's land between those games, and as the social
engineering which builds briges between them, in a variety of styles ranging
from the pitiful to the masterful.
There are many realities, possibly more than our philosophy would
allow for, but they are no more equal than Orwell's animals. The dominant
reality is the official, publicly recognized one, organized into familiar
interactional ceremonies which are universally or at least widely shared. It
must be acknowledged to have a degree of public priority, and an authority
which appears to be the authority of evidence itself. Actually, such primary
realities seem to be so solid that we usually forget that they are a function
of the theatre of everyday life. More
specific reality games (e.g. a theatrical function embedded in everyday life)
seem by contrast transitory, obviously fictional, and they contribute to the
reality effect of the primary frame: if Hamlet
is a play, surely I'm outside the frame and I'm not in a play myself? The
authority of the real is thereby reinforced, even though it will appear that
this force of the obvious is generated by a perspectival or structural effect.
Still—or, what is more,— in contrast with this primary frame of
everyday life, Channel 1 of the interactional life-world if you want, the
secondary frames which are built upon it, Channel 2, Channel 3, etc., also have
an experiential priority of their own. A secondary frame opens up a provisional
strip of reality in the world, and this reality may acquire a special
intensity, enticing us to an intense involvement in it. Secondary realities may
be just as immersive as any first-degree life-world. Channels 2 or 3, moreover,
enjoy an enhanced immediacy derived precisely from our active involvement in
world-building—from their being in contrast to the primary level of reality,
and from the continued existence of that primary reality as a backdrop, at once
a background noise and a ground floor on which to build the upper stories. If
our conversation takes place on the second floor, it is that floor which
provides the immediate ground for our feet, however much the structure of the
whole story may rest on the foundations of the first floor. After all, the
ground floor may be built on an invisible basement, and in the last analysis
the earth itself is a groundless basement floating within a system of inexplicable
forces.
Unofficial or secondary realities, secret interactions and
provisional fictions, therefore, do have a primacy of their own, an ontological
priority which derives from the experiential priority of reality-management.
The interactional difficulty of managing many frames and modes of reality
without losing sight of our shared life-world provides us with a never-ending
challenge, one which allows us to inhabit life as a slippery space of intense
semiosis, a no-man's land (nor no-woman's neither) of interactional risk and
uncertainty, rather than a well-rehearsed and predictable repertory play.
Authentic experience is defined as such between the acts, and behind the scenes
in the theatre of everyday life.
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Barthes, Roland.
"The Reality Effect." In French
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Bateson, Gregory. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York:
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Crane, Stephen. The Black Riders and Other Lines: Published
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Crane Society website.
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García Landa, José Angel. "Acritical
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_____
The research for
this paper has been supported by the European Social Fund and the Aragonese Government research programme H69
HERAF: Hermenéutica y Antropología Fenomenológica.
______
También aquí:
_____. "The (In)Definition of Reality: Reframing
and Contested Topsight." Online at Wixstatic.com.*
https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/3b11da_36190c7dd7e34db78be52587391d4d3d.docx?dn=In-definition.docx
2021
_____. "The (In)Definition of Reality: Reframing
and Contested Topsight." SSRN 13
April 2016.*
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2763243
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2763243
2016
Cognition & Culture… & Semiotics
eJournal 2 May 2016 (13 April 2016).*
http://www.ssrn.com/link/Cognition-Culture.html
2016
Philosophy of Action eJournal 9.11 (19
April 2016).*
http://hq.ssrn.com/Journals/IssueProof.cfm?abstractid=2763243&journalid=1001534&issue_number=11&volume=9&journal_type=CMBO&function=showissue
Online
13 April 2016.*
http://www.ssrn.com/link/Philosophy-Action.html
2016
Metaphysics eJournal 9.11 (19 April
2016).*
http://hq.ssrn.com/Journals/IssueProof.cfm?abstractid=2763243&journalid=950386&issue_number=11&volume=9&journal_type=CMBO&function=showissue
Online
13 April 2016.*
http://www.ssrn.com/link/Metaphysics.html
2016
_____. "The (In)Definition of Reality: Reframing
and Contested Topsight." In García Landa, Vanity Fea 27 April 2016.*
http://vanityfea.blogspot.com.es/2016/04/the-indefinition-of-reality-reframing.html
2016
_____. "The (In)Definition of Reality: Reframing
and Contested Topsight." Academia
9 April 2017.*
https://www.academia.edu/32351646/
2017
_____. ""The (In)Definition of Reality:
Reframing and Contested Topsight." ResearchGate
10 April 2017.*
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315840394
2017
_____. "The (In)Definition of Reality: Reframing
and Contested Topsight." Net
Sight de José Angel García Landa 21 Dec. 2022.*
https://personal.unizar.es/garciala/publicaciones/In-definition.pdf
2022
_____. "The (In)Definition of Reality: Reframing
and Contested Topsight." Knowledge Commons Works 19 April 2026.*
2026
_____. "The (In)Definition of Reality: Reframing
and Contested Topsight." In García Landa, Vanity Fea 19 April
2026.*
https://blogdenotasvanityfea.blogspot.com/2026/04/the-indefinition-of-reality-reframing.html
2026